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So, a month ago if i'm not mistaken, my teacher of issues in international relations gave us an assignment. actually a special assignment because we are not only to collect a paper but also debate. one group consist of 6 people and then divided into 2 part (3 on 3). the affirmative and the cons. the teacher gave each group one topic which different with one another. but before of that, each leader must be sending an email about the member's name of its group, and my leader is Sitta Wahyu Qurana. we are in the 7 group and performed on week 8. the days is getting closer and it was 1 weeks left before our debate day. so my leader with full initiative quickly sent the email to our teacher to get the topic that we will be perform and we can practice as soon as possible. the topic was "Globalization has had a predominantly negative effects on indonesia's democracy" and i was in an affirmative side which is mean i'm totally agree with my topic.
International Class of International Relations (IPIREL)
Muhammadiyah University-YOGYAKARTA
Members of group:
Members of group:
1.
Sitta Wahyu Qurana (20130510251)
2.
Niken Nadya Saraswati (20130510319)
3.
Frelia Resti Fadhilah (20130510214)
4.
Intan Chalizah Mazlin (20130510394)
5.
Asama Lamun (20130510524)
6.
Fariz Ramaditya (20110510241)
Issues in International Relations – 1.30 pm class
GLOBALIZATION
HAS HAD A PREDOMINANTLY NEGATIVE EFFECT ON INDONESIA’S DEMOCRACY
Introduction
The relations between globalization and democracy
are becoming more apparent as the world becomes more globalized nowadays.
Indonesia is no exception—as it is claimed itself as one of the democratic
country. Indonesia firstly claimed that its democratic states after it got
their independent 1945. Indonesia had first legislative election as the
commitment Indonesian government about their democracy in 1955 which is
followed by approximately 29 political parties and individual. In this paper;
we attempt to explain about the implication of globalization (neoliberalism) to
politics, especially for democracy. As noted by Gills, economic neoliberalism
has created the conditions for further social criticism in order to fight back
freedom and democracy.
Affirmative Team
- The Impact of Global Economy towards Indonesia’s
Democracy
Earlier financial crisis in Asia (1997) gave impact
to economy of several countries included Indonesia. This phenomenon happened because of
degradation of international market, and it could not be avoided. At that time in Indonesia, a lot of foreign
investor felt unsecure with this, they were afraid to invest their money in
Indonesia this phenomenon called “snow ball effect”. As the consequence, the
number of unemployment increase and the inflation approximately reached 77, 63%
(1998). When those things happened, the number of poverty increased and gave
impact toward Indonesian democracy.
Furthermore,
global crisis also opened a chance to the capitalist to monopoly the economy in
Indonesia, when IMF helped Indonesia in 1997, the value of US dollars reached
till 17,000 rupiah. Following that Indonesia has signed the several conditions,
one of them was Indonesia have to open its market that foreign corporation have
chance to exploit Indonesian natural resources. Because of this, the capitalist
system successfully dominates Indonesia’s economy and the rich people become
richer and the poor people become poorer. The gap between bourgeoisie and
proletarian becomes more significant.
Socio-economic condition is an important variable
that should be considered when discussing about democracy. As it has been
reminded by Robert Dahl, modern capitalism tends to create a huge imbalance in
the social and economic resources that result in violations of political
equality and, therefore, the democratic process.
In the other hand, according to Martin Lipset, the
condition of social-economy has important variable to evaluate the quality of
democracy. That if a state more rich, as a result it has more chance to
implement democracy.
-
Indonesia Has Lost Its Sovereign Democracy to the
Hand International Institutions (my statement)
The entry of Indonesia into the international
organization, have resulted in limited space for Indonesia in regulating entry
and exit of goods across the border and the emergence of problems in the field
of economic. Although the majority of the WTO memberships (80%) are from
developing country, the policies which generated from them is almost not
reflected the interests and aspirations of developing countries. Another
example is the MNC and TNC have substantial capital to influence state policy.
Through MNC and TNC, then the developed countries strengthen their hegemony to
regulate and control the resources in the world. Through the hands of the WTO,
they set the world trade policies; through the hands of multilateral financial
institutions, they can determine the countries and anyone can enjoy the
disbursement of money financial institutions. Through the IMF rules, they can
press countries to follow them: deregulation, privatization, and
liberalization. Actually, these three concepts reduce the role of the State in
carrying out its power as a body that has supreme authority over the country's
territory.
Another
case which came from Indonesia was Freeport which already well known. Freeport
is the largest gold mining company in the world that is owned by the United
States. Freeport established on land of Indonesia that has incredible natural
wealth in 1967. The fact shows that most of the results for approximately
90.64% for the US. . Even the people around Freeport are under the poverty
which actually the resources can be prosperity for the people of Indonesia and
Papua itself. Indonesia has not been able to take over or even divest to shares
of Freeport stake to Indonesia about 51%. My last statement is if we look back
at the constitution of 1945 article 33 line 3 which regulating about the
national economy and welfare which reads:
Earth and water and natural resources contained
therein controlled by the state and used for the welfare of the Indonesians people.
(1945 Constitution)
-
Globalization Promotes Democracy Crisis
On the one hand, globalization is underpinned by a
revolution in the field of communication technology has provided little
opportunity for the wider implementation of democracy, but on the other hand,
the opportunity soon be lost due to commercialization. As stated by Peter
Golding:
The arrival of new communication and information
technologies has offered the promise of more egalitarian, participatory, and
progressive structures. Yet, in practice, the reality has been of their rapid
incorporation into familiar structures of inequality and commercial
exploitation. (Peter Golding, 1998, 79)
Undeniably, the trend of globalization is
strengthening both political and economic power in a handful of stamps or group
of people. Therefore, it was endangering democracy because it creates
inequality. Transnational companies that operate across national borders are
now presenting themselves as well as political economic power. These companies
are now in power, and do the "hijacking" of democracy that is now
underway strengthening the influence of multinational corporations and
transnational not only in government, but also in multilateral institutions,
like IMF andWTO.
Globalization gives a negative impact on the development of
socio-cultural people of Indonesia. Through information and communication
technologies are sophisticated societies, all Indonesian can enjoy the global
cultural values which can reduce body of local values. The fading local value
led to a crisis of values and identity of the people who tend to have
individualism, hedonism, consumerism, pragmatism live-style. Leave the spirit
of mutual solidarity and social solidarity, as well as religious values.
Globalization also gives influence to the quality of the increasingly
sophisticated crime using information and communication technology across the
country.
Negative Team
-
Globalization Has Helped Indonesia in Developing its
Democratic System
When
we talk about democracy, global democratic revolution is probably the most
important political trend in the late twentieth century. In The Third Wave,
Samuel P. Huntington claimed that democracy has become a subject of discussion
in many important forums. Almost all countries claim to be democratic although they
are only implementing common standards, such as regular succession through the
electoral process. Since the 1980s, 33 military regimes have been replaced by a
civilian government, while 140 countries from almost 200 countries now conduct
multiparty elections. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s,
it seems, almost all claimed to be a democratic country. The only remaining communist
states that there is now is only North Korea and Cuba, while the Chinese
communist ideology has been transformed into a socialist market economy.
In Indonesia, the financial crisis led to the
economic crisis has been a catalyst for political democratization. Failure
under Soeharto's authoritarian regime in dealing with the crisis has sparked
widespread protests to lead to the downfall of the regime. Reform era began in
which the political structure substantially changes occur. Multiparty elections
were being held again in June 1999 after less than three decades in the New
Order political parties are limited. Furthermore, the 1945 Constitution’s amendments
that created the system of the direct presidential election, replacing the
election model by the People’s Representation Assembly (MPR).
If we review
from the function of NGO itself, actually, NGO plays an important role in
developing country like our country,Indonesia. Here are some functions and what
NGO focused on.
- Development
and infrastructure development,
- Supports
innovation, trial and demonstration projects,
- Facilitate the
communication,
- Technical
assistance and training,
- Research,
monitoring, and evaluating,
- Advocating for
and with the poor.
NGO also focused on some sector which is still really necessary for Indonesia such as public education, health development, economy, and etc. So, although we know that our life is still depends on them. We cannot deny that we still need their role. For example, NGO is not just role in development issues, but it also role in the environment issues which is started appear the awareness about the importance of environmental safety in the construction of rampant capitalistic.NGO that is role in this issues role in the environmental issues in Indonesia, for example is WAHLI (WahanaLingkunganHidup Indonesia) which was established on October 15th 1980 as the communication forum for the environmental NGOs. In 1988, WAHLI that was accompanied YLBHI (YayasanLembagaBantuanHukum Indonesia) in order to proffer their claim to PT. IntiIndirayon, a pulp factory in Sumatra, they claim this factory because this factory made a pollution and deforestation around the factory area. This was NGO role that considered as their bravest movement in this democratic era.
- Indonesia Still Needs Globalization to Improve the
Democratic Practice
Although General
Elections have been regularly held after the collapse of the New Order,
Indonesia is still considered new in practicing the “real” democracy compared
to other countries that are also implementing democracy. One of the abuses of
democracy in Indonesia is the system of ‘One Person One Vote’
In democratic society, it is rational that everyone has the right to choose the government who will lead and represent them in making the decisions for the country. However, it infers that the value of vote of educated person is the same as illiterate person. While Indonesia's literacy ranking has been improving, adult illiteracy remains a huge problem for national education. Poor reading habits coupled with lack of critical thinking and practical learning can make people's illiteracy relapse, especially among those above 15 years of age.According to the United Development Program's (UNDP) Human Development Report for 2007, Indonesia's literacy rate was 90.4 percent that year, meaning that 9.6 percent of the populations were illiterate. Another problem would be the high percentage of passive participation of Indonesia people in the previous 2009 General Election (95.1%).
By globalization, it will help Indonesia in perfecting the democratic practice and developing it to the extent that it will fulfill the goals of our basic principle about democracy. Indonesia still needs an advanced information technology to eradicate illiteracy and increase the number of active participation in order to create a better democracy.
In democratic society, it is rational that everyone has the right to choose the government who will lead and represent them in making the decisions for the country. However, it infers that the value of vote of educated person is the same as illiterate person. While Indonesia's literacy ranking has been improving, adult illiteracy remains a huge problem for national education. Poor reading habits coupled with lack of critical thinking and practical learning can make people's illiteracy relapse, especially among those above 15 years of age.According to the United Development Program's (UNDP) Human Development Report for 2007, Indonesia's literacy rate was 90.4 percent that year, meaning that 9.6 percent of the populations were illiterate. Another problem would be the high percentage of passive participation of Indonesia people in the previous 2009 General Election (95.1%).
By globalization, it will help Indonesia in perfecting the democratic practice and developing it to the extent that it will fulfill the goals of our basic principle about democracy. Indonesia still needs an advanced information technology to eradicate illiteracy and increase the number of active participation in order to create a better democracy.
References
Central Intelligence Agency (United States). The World Factbook.Washington, D.C :
Central Intelligence Agency.
Eichengreen, B, and D. Leblang.
2006. Democracy and Globalization.
Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Gills, B.K. 2002. Democratizing Globalization and
Globalization Democracy. ANNALS. AAPSS. 281. May 2002: 167-168.
Golding, P. 1998. Global Village or Cultural Village?: The Unequal Inheritance of the
Communication Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press: 79.
Huntington, S.P. 1993. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late
20th Century. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
Republic of Indonesia.1945 Constitution.The National Economy and Social Welfare.As
amended by the First Amendment of 1999, the Second Amendment of 2000, the Third
Amendment of 2001 and the Fourth Amendment of 2002. Article 33: 3.
Rosseau, D.M. and Rivero, A.
2003. Democracy, A Way of Organizing
Knowledge Economy. Journal of Management Inquiry. Vol. 12. June 2, 2003:
115.
http://www.sabenggo.com/2014/01/dampak-globalisasi-terhadap-kehidupan.html
http://www.askensinaga.wordpress.com/2008/06/02/ngo-defenisi-sejarah-peranan-pengelompokan-dan-karir/
http://www.yuliyulianyulianti.blogspot.com/2014/04/analisis-ngo-sebagai-kekuatan-politik.html
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